Find out more about writing clear SOAP notes

Discover progressively about composing clear SOAP notes The How-To for Soap Note Writing The SOAP note is a report in the clinical circle, which contains all subtleties of a patients prescription. The title implies Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. It is essential to control the exactness of sufficient treatment and in a few circumstances to affirm the patient has legitimate medications and administrations. Its principle objective is to help in normalization for clinical cases. Portrayal of SOAP Elements There are 4 primary pieces of this record as per its title: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. Here are the implications of each section: Abstract is a book composed by oral data gave by the patient. He clarifies his concern, side effects, sentiments, and so forth.; The target incorporates the logical investigates and perception of his concern. Here ought to be all data that can assist with examining the explanations behind illness and endorse legitimate treatment; Appraisal is a piece of the various ideas of the patient. Furthermore, there must be the consequences of counsel with advisor as indicated by past discoveries in patients investigations and clinical examination; Plans mean the last activities for the patient to cause him to recuperate. On account of such a remedy, he will get solid as quickly as time permits. Cause of SOAP The primary notes about SOAP have a place with 1960s. Precisely around then, Dr. Lawrence Weed, who was an individual from the University of Vermont, made the main SOAP archive. During his expert experience, Dr. Lawrence consistently said that his creation must be useful in the issue situated clinical record. Also, honestly, this announcement is totally obvious. Every single clinical master will concur that SOAP notes are essentially significant for a wide range of clinical establishments. Plus, they for the most part have the layout to assist all partners with organizing clinical data for the good of they. In addition, different foundations with another kind of SOAP note may experience issues with recognizing the information in such archives. It implies that in any case amazing utilization of SOAP takes note of, the clinical staff may have the two favorable circumstances and hindrances. Lets investigate and decide all the upsides and downsides of utilizing SOAP. Points of interest of SOAP Notes So such a vocation with SOAP notes brings bunches of points of interest for clinical officials and patients. Its primary objective is to cause a uniform method to gather to and sort out all clinical data of each and every patient. Moreover, this report causes not exclusively to locate the correct method of clinical records normalization yet additionally permits understanding the patients needs and most appropriate treatment for his case. Plus, the SOAP note is composed utilizing an uncommon language alleged clinical terms and contractions. Such a methodology permits causing the general base of words to improve the correspondences between clinical officials. They can do it in the speediest and most clear way. Hindrances of SOAP Notes It is said such report normally incorporates various truncations. Clinical laborers are experts and see the vast majority of such terms. In any case, individuals without clinical information or even training will have no chance to utilize it. In any case, comprehend it is alright for such explicit composition. Specialists in physiotherapy tent to believe this record to be poor and constrained. They demand that there are no full how-to for making SOAP notes progressively useful. Such an issue here and there implies increasingly significant issues with arriving at useful errands. However, lets be realistic with one another in this circumstance. The SOAP notes incorporate just 4 components to bode well. On the off chance that we attempt to build its length and assignments, we will get a very convoluted record with various issues in its comprehension. Regardless, you can discover increasingly about how to make a SOAP in the event that you need it. Here is the expert direction in making such content. Step by step instructions to Prepare a SOAP Note Presently you realize that clinical reports are significant for specialists, patients, and others in and outside this field. At the point when you need social insurance, you require the best administrations, and the SOAP notes will be a piece of its improvement. In any case, because of various reasons, we can at present face circumstances of overlooking SOAP rules. On the off chance that we hope to make our best in the clinical circle, we reserve no option to miss any significant detail. That is the reason composing such report has least necessities to liberate staff from the irritating activity. Lets trust it will assist with supporting the job of SOAP notes. There is no prerequisite long and different things recorded as a hard copy SOAP messages. The substance is a lot of significant for clinical laborers and patients than in the organization. That is the reason the main errand for an essayist is to control the nature of the content. Errors and misprints are not permitted. In any business or scholarly composition, even one error can demolish the general impression from substance and cause major issues. At the point when it approaches composing SOAP notes, you are grasping somebody elses life. So be mindful and proficient in your composition. Principle Rules On account of suggestions of the American Physical Therapy Association, we have definite direction of the SOAP notes content. It ought to incorporate the accompanying information: the full self-report of your patient (he should communicate all inclination and indications of current condition); the depiction all things considered; the subtleties of the hardware which was recently utilized; the reaction of your patient on each phase of clinical examination and treatment; the full depictions all things considered, negative responses, emotions, and inconveniences (counting patients grumbling); fundamental reasons why the mediation was changed; the rundown of arrived at objectives; the subtleties of correspondence (to evaluate its quality for what's to come). As an expert clinical official, you should recollect that your SOAP notes may some time or another be utilized by another specialist. For instance, when you are as yet holding the instance of this patient, you may require different pros counsels. Or on the other hand when your patient had recuperated and will require clinical consideration later on. Such factors cause you to guarantee yourself that you appropriately compose your SOAP notes and don't let any error to occur. In the past passages, we have as of now without further ado portrayed the principle components of SOAP notes. Lets have an inside and out look recorded as a hard copy the Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plans. This guide will assist you with making educational content. Step by step instructions to Write a Subjective Part Composing this part begins with a nearby discussion with your patient. He should talk, and your undertaking is to note. Let him share all emotions, issues, side effects, and family ancestry. Every thing might be significant in the analytic field. Moreover, here and there understanding takes part in such discussion, yet in addition their relatives. In your content, you can utilize contractions or direct statements. The fundamental objective is to record the patients impressions of his condition. That is the reason you can utilize interesting inquiries to assist him with sharing each detail. In any case, attempt to keep away from shut inquiries which can offer you a short response yes or no. Such a discussion will be uninformative. Likewise, do whatever it takes not to pass judgment on the patient since he might be somewhat wiggly as a result of his sentiments. Here are the principle parts of your Subjective passage: the grumbling; the excruciating emotions; portrayal of how he got injury; the anamnesis (clinical history of a patient). The Subjective piece of SOAP notes is significant. It permits the specialist to make further ends. Step by step instructions to Write an Objective Part This part requires the essayist to share all subtleties from the clinical side. It incorporates such apparatuses as recurrence, term, sum, and utilized instrument. Additionally, notice in your SOAP note a wide range of patients responses to the referenced above techniques. The Objective square as a rule comprises of such components: vision, course, scope of movement, palpation, strong test, extra trials. Be exceptionally mindful to all responses and activities while looking at your patient. Likewise, recollect the accompanying principles: Feature every single extraordinary test in the event that you use them; Distinguish the conceivable injury to have more alternatives on the following stage; Get as more subtleties from your clinical apparatuses as you can; Lean toward accurate sort of movement (dynamic, detached, and so forth.) rather than general kinds. The most effective method to compose an Assessment Part This part incorporates the expert perspective and last contemplations of the clinical master. He should share his thoughts as per all discoveries which were accumulated previously. Other than clear end, the specialist must clarify why he makes such an end, it implies that all intercessions must be founded on sound realities and proof. Other than composing an appraisal, the essayist must estimate negative outcomes, terms of treatment. The positive reaction should likewise be there. Here is additional data in making Assessment: Give the full portrayal of each issue; Dodge general expressions which can curve your Plans and SOAP notes when all is said in done; Never make obscure ends. After you are done with your Assessment, you should continue composing SOAP note with the last section called Plans. The most effective method to Write Plans As you have just comprehended, this is no immaterial piece of SOAP notes. Be that as it may, Plans has significantly more importance since it is the last component in the report. This piece of SOAP is committed to the patients treatment, which might be portrayed in various types from drug to critical medical procedure. The specialist is committed to remember for the Plans, both present moment and long haul suggestions. For example, transient exhortation is to take pills. This is one of the most spread methods of treatment. Among the drawn out examination, you can discover changing the way of life, and so forth. What's more, you can to the Plan obstruct the normal outcomes. It might be useful for the future to break down the upsides of definite treatment. To make the best Arrangements for SOAP notes, you ought to likewise recollect: Your suggestions in the arrangement must be an everyday schedule; You are not permitted to give just broad recomm

Mardi Gras Funny story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mardi Gras Funny story - Essay Example We began our excursion yesterday evening and before the fall of the night, we were at that point in New Orleans. Everyone appeared to be content with some loving extraordinary clothing types to check Murdy Gras Day. According to our arrangement, we checked in at one of the well known bars. The state of mind inside was energizing. Individuals were a lot of. Something impossible to miss struck us however, one side of the bar had generally not many supporters with certain tables unfilled. We didn't try to discover why more individuals favored one side of the bar to the next. The state of mind didn't permit us to do that. After roughly two minutes, a youthful wonderful server came, and we put in our requests. The first round of lagers came, and we cleared it quick. The server enquired on the off chance that we were alright with paying for the main set before continuing to the following one. We answered that it should come toward the finish of drinking. We requested for a few rounds of grouped brews. The intriguing part came when we mentioned for the last bill for the night. The bill was twofold my desire. On enquiry, we understood that the expense of lager was practically twofold the ordinary rate. Other than the expense of brew being high, the server clarified that the table we involved had an alternate rate from the rest. Obliviousness has no guard. We had no more money as the bill was far much high. We went to a concurrence with the bar proprietor that we be servers for the remainder of the night. It was humiliating and amusing. Prior to making a trip to New Orleans, we had sorted out to meet with the young ladies subsequent to drinking. We depended on being disconnected as a method of getting away from the young ladies. As the night advanced, we went round serving benefactors at the bar. A lamentable fortuitous event happened exactly when we were going to complete the holding up job. The ladies we were to meet happened to involve one of the tables I was serving. It was a diverting situation and humiliating simultaneously. The idea of serving a young lady you are keen on was a spoiler for the entire Murdy Gras

If You Havent Read Any Samantha Irby Books, IDK What Youre Doing With Your Life.

If You Havent Read Any Samantha Irby Books, IDK What Youre Doing With Your Life. Man, if you dont know about Samantha Irby and Samantha Irby books yet, I am SO pumped that I get to be the one who introduces you. Her blog, Bitches Gotta Eat,  is full of Samatha Irby essays that talk about, well, exactly what it says: books/snacks/softcore/despair, although its previous subtitle was, tacos. hot dudes. diarrhea. jams… which is, oddly, equally apt. The blog is what I knew Sam Irby from first, and to be honest, its still my favorite thing to read aloud with my friends while drinking boxed wine and letting our nails dry. I will never forget the first time my friend snapped her head around as she was walking out of my house and almost yelled, Wait. Do you not know BitchesGottaEat? (She canceled her plans and insisted that I sit tf down and listen.) And I will never forget those OG posts because of their truth bombs, like, for example, from 2009: if youve talked to me on the telephone for any amount of time in the last ten years, chances are  at least  one of those phone calls took place while i was having brown pee. sorry to break it to you here. but totally awesome that you couldnt tell, right?! if you are in my place and i have to poo, i might leave the door open and talk to you if i can tell its not going to be a messy one. Although she still posts regularly on her blog, even though shes so cool she probably doesnt even need to…except for that we love her so much that it would break our cold dead hearts which are already black and dead if she quit…Samantha Irby essays are ALSO available on Shondaland.  These, though, take the form of an advice column, answering important life questions like  Whats the Best Way to Eat a Cupcake in Public?  In case you were wonderingâ€"and you know that you wereâ€"heres her answer: Cupcakes are  literally  the devil’s food. They are one of the least graceful foods to force someone to eat in front of a crowd of judgmental spectators, who of course are already keenly watching your every move since your stained T-shirt isn’t fancy enough for the event and at least three of them caught you shivering while trying to roll a joint outside in the cold; multiply the horror by a factor of 10 if you are expected to eat the damn thing while standing up. And balancing a cocktail in your other hand. While trying to make adult conversation. Dont worry, she also answers the question Should I Bring a Plus-One? The answer is Probably Yes. Samantha Irby essays have also appeared in magazines like Elle  (How to Get Over Your Ex), but my personal favorite, the most hard-hitting of her themes that will still make you laugh, but in a sad, French kind of way, where you say I see what you did there rather than actually laugh aloud like we do at the tone of her other essays, was in  Cosmopolitan:  Black Girls Dont Get to Be Depressed. If youre less interested in humor, but not totally disinterested in humorâ€"just MORE interested in heavy truths that will sit on your chest and dangle loogies in your face while you try to make sense of lifeâ€"try that last one first. Or better yet, try this essay: My Mother, My Daughter, on  The Rumpus.   Samantha Irby books that you can hold between your greasy paws are these: Meaty: Essays This is the first of Samantha Irbys books, but theres a new edition of it out that includes her favorite recipes and other new freebies, too! The pieces also focus on chin hairs, depression, bad sex, failed relationships, masturbation, taco feasts, (and) inflammatory bowel disease. If that wasnt enough of a reward for existing, FX picked up the book to be adapted into a TV show. It will be written by Samantha Irby, Abbi Jacobson, and Jessi Klein. Go on and freak out. Dont worry, Ill wait. Samantha Irby and Abbi Jacobson just being best friends, nbd (faints) Its real. I saw it on Samantha Irbys Instagram! And that  Meaty  show is supposed to air…later. I cant find a release date. FX wont  respond to my impatient, demanding tweets. If you know, let me know, please. Give a girl a reason to live. We Are Never Meeting in Real Life: Essays This collection isnt only essays about online dating…but those are some of my favorites. Actually, my number one favorite from this collection is, My Bachelorette Application. I love it so much that I taught it to my English composition class. If you thought it might be Samantha Irbys application to be The Bachelorette on reality TV, YOU THOUGHT RIGHT. Its a satire, of course, but its also a really insightful commentary on the show itself. Heres one of my favorite excerpts: Why would you want to find your spouse on our TV show? Have you been to the club lately?! Shits fucking dire, man. Also, I need someone to watch Shark Tank with, and I feel like thats a spousal kind of expectation. Cant just ask your casual booty call to commit to spending Friday nights indoors arguing over the valuation of some at-home moms jelly and jam business. And Im too poor to run multiple background checks. See? Satire. Barely. The club  is  dire. And we all  do  wanna watch Shark Tank with someone who is not expecting reimbursement in the form of sexual favors, necessarily. If you havent already opened one thousand Google tabs and pushed add to cart three consecutive times on Samantha Irby books, I really dont know what you are doing with your life. Do it, because youll laugh, youll cry, youll laugh at yourself crying, and then I will have done my good deed for the day by putting you on to her work. What did I miss? What are some of your favorite Samantha Irby books and essays? Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Is Rain Water Clean and Safe to Drink

Have you ever wondered whether or not its safe to drink rainwater? The short answer is: sometimes. Heres a look at when its not safe to drink rainwater, when you can drink it, and what you can do to make it safer for human consumption. Key Takeaways: Can You Drink Rain? Most rain is perfectly safe to drink and may be even cleaner than the public water supply.Rainwater is only as clean as its container.Only rain that has fallen directly from the sky should be collected for drinking. It should not have touched plants or buildings.Boiling and filtering rainwater will make it even safer to drink. When You Shouldnt Drink Rain Water Rain passes through the atmosphere before falling to the ground, so it can pick up any contaminants in the air. You dont want to drink rain from hot radioactive sites, like Chernobyl or around Fukushima. Its not a great idea to drink rainwater falling near chemical plants or near the plumes of power plants, paper mills, etc. Dont drink rainwater that has run off of plants or buildings because you could pick up toxic chemicals from these surfaces. Similarly, dont collect rainwater from puddles or into dirty containers. Rain Water That Is Safe for Drinking Most rainwater is safe to drink. Actually, rainwater is the water supply for much of the worlds population.  The levels of pollution, pollen, mold, and other contaminants are low — possibly lower than your public drinking water supply. Keep in mind, rain does pick up low levels of bacteria as well as dust and occasional insect parts, so you may want to treat rainwater before drinking it. Making Rain Water Safer Two key steps you can take to improve the quality of rainwater are to boil it and filter it. Boiling the water will kill off pathogens. Filtration, such as through a home water filtration pitcher, will remove chemicals, dust, pollen, mold, and other contaminants. The other important consideration is how you collect rainwater. You can collect rainwater directly from the sky into a clean bucket or bowl. Ideally, use a disinfected  container or one that was run through a dishwasher. Let the rain water sit for at least an hour so heavy particulates can settle to the bottom. Alternatively, you can run the water through a coffee filter to remove debris.  Although it isnt necessary, refrigerating the rainwater will retard the growth of most microorganisms it could contain. What About Acid Rain? Most rainwater is naturally acidic, with an average pH of around 5.6, from the interaction between water and carbon dioxide in the air. This is not dangerous. In fact, drinking water rarely has a neutral pH because it contains dissolved minerals. Approved public water could be acidic, neutral, or basic, depending on the source of the water. To put the pH into perspective, coffee made with neutral water has a pH around 5. Orange juice has a pH closer to 4. The truly acidic rain that you would avoid drinking might fall around an active volcano. Otherwise, acid rain isnt a serious consideration. Sources Joan D. Willey; Bennett; Williams; Denne; Kornegay; Perlotto; Moore (January 1988). Effect of storm type on rainwater composition in southeastern North Carolina. Environmental Science Technology. 22 (1): 41–46. doi:10.1021/es00166a003Joan D. Willey; Kieber; Avery (2006-08-19). Changing Chemical Composition of Precipitation in Wilmington, North Carolina, U.S.A.: Implications for the Continental U.S.A. Environmental Science Technology. 40 (18): 5675–5680. doi:10.1021/es060638wS. I. Efe; F. E. Ogban; M. J. Horsfall; E. E. Akporhonor (2005). Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria (PDF). Journal of Applied Scientific Environmental Management. 9 (1): 191–195.

Informative Serial Killers Essay - 812 Words

Informative Speech Serial Killers Specific Purpose: I want to inform my audience about serial killers, the type of person that commits these horrendous crimes. Introduction 1. Attention-getting remarks: What would you do as a young, cute college girl at the grocery store saw a clean cut nice looking man with a cast on his arm struggling with his groceries, he ask you for your help. Would you help him? Ted Bundy one of the most infamous serial killers of our time would put a fake cast on his arm, and ask his intended victim for help carrying his groceries to his car once there the would hit them with a tire iron. Take them and rape and beat them to death with the tire iron. 2. Need for listening: Serial killers come in†¦show more content†¦3. Typical characteristics of a serial killer a. Bright to high IQ b. Trouble staying employed, menial jobs c. Abandoned by fathers at early age raised by domineering mothers. d. History of psychological problems within the family e. Criminal or alcohol abuse in family. f. Often abused by a family member, sexually mentally and physically. g. More than 60% wet their beds beyond age 12. h. They were frequent ly bullied as a child i. Involved in sadistic activity and torturing animals j. Fascinated by setting fires 4. Serial killers also show signs of a psychopath though this is not always the case. Psychopaths lack empathy and guilt, are egocentric and impulsive and don’t conform to social, moral, or legal norms. Psychopaths have a distinct set of rules for themselves. They appear normal and are often very charming and charismatic. 5. Angels of mercy medical professionals will kill their patients for financial gain, or just because they can, or they feel like they are helping their patients by getting rid of the pain or sickness. 6. Female serial killers are rare, they tend to kill for financial gain and need to have an emotional connection to their victim. 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This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This book also covers

Personal Financial Plan Free Essays

Personal Financial Plan Part 5 Sheri Mulder Personal Finance Age 30 Establish good credit and avoid excessive debt Invest aggressively for retirement Buy a first home and build equity Make a will and health directives Age 30-45 Create an estate plan. Buy adequate life and disability insurance. Keep investing as much as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Financial Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Save for children’s college. Age 45-65 Leverage peak earning years to build financial security. Shift retirement savings as necessary. Review estate plans regularly as assets grow and to reflect changing life circumstances. Age 65 and beyond Appropriately rebalance assets to manage risk. Take action to minimize estate taxes and facilitate wealth transfer to descendants. Make sure health insurance is adequate. What was used to help establish the personal financial plan was a website that had an example of a financial plan considering life-stage changes. The example was helpful because it showed different ages of an individual’s life and what should be done during those stages. The example was helpful to use because the example is very similar to the situation and life style changes that are becoming an issue. The financial resources that would be used to help make financial decisions would be to get a loan from the bank for a mortgage. Taking out a bank loan would only be used if there was a large amount of money needed and there was not enough saved up to use. It is important to have a nest egg to fall back on in case of emergencies so an individual does not have to use financial resources to get him or her out an emergency situation. Short-Term Goals Finishing college Increasing savings account Purchasing a new vehicle Reducing high interest debt Buy life insurance Make plans for retirement Intermediate-Term Goals Paying off expensive debt Creating an emergency fund to cover 12 months of expenses Buying a new car Taking special vacation Long-Term Goals Own a home free of mortgage payments Own a vacation home in the mountains somewhere remote Accumulate enough funds to not have to work, but maybe something part time in case I get bored My personal risk tolerance is very conservative at this current moment of life. Although my time horizon has many years to invest, right now the asset level is not high enough to have very much left to invest. My risk olerance is also conservative because of lack of experience and knowledge of investing. In the future when there is a higher asset level, there could be a possibility of hiring a professional to help with an investment. My time horizon impacts my financial plan because of how many years that there is left before retirement. The number of years that an individual has before retirement is important to determine how to invest an d save money. By the time of graduation, there should be close to forty years to take on risky investments. There will also be forty years to load a portfolio with bonds and cash. Cash Flow Statement Cash from gross wages |43220 | |Cash paid for: | | |Income taxes and deductions |-8164 | |Mortgage |-7617 | |Food |-9600 | |Car expenses |-7000 | |Clothing |-1800 | |Cell phone |-1560 | |Internet and cable TV |-1272 | Balance Sheet |Assets Liabilities | |Car $6,183|Student Loan $10,000 | |Savings $600 | | |Total $6,783|Total $10,000 | | |Net Worth ($3,217) | Personal Monthly Budget |Projected Monthly Income |$1,667. 28 | |Actual Monthly Income |$2,684. 00 | Housing |Housing |Projected Cost |Actual |Difference | |Mortgage |$934. 72 |$934. 2 |0 | |Phone |$130. 00 |$159. 00 |-29 | |Electric |$212. 00 |$212. 00 |0 | |Cable |$84. 00 |$84. 00 |0 | Start saving, keep saving, and stick to your goals Contribute to your employer’s retirement savings plan Learn about your e mployer’s pension plan Don’t touch your retirement savings Ask your employer to start a plan Put money into an Individual Retirement Account Find out about your Social Security benefits Time value of money impacts this part of the plan because the longer money is saved, the more it will be worth when an individual retires. When you save or invest money, it will be worth more because it will gain interest by investing it. The earlier a person invests or saves money, the longer that the amount of money has time to gain interest and increase in value. Works Cited https://ww3. janus. com/Janus/Retail/StaticPage? jsp=jsp/Common/JanusReportHTML. jspassetname=JanusReportThroughYears ———————– | | How to cite Personal Financial Plan, Papers

Rugmaker of Mazari Sharif Essay free essay sample

The first of these, Afghanistan, is where Najaf Mazari was born and raised. We see that many of his core moral beliefs and traits are as a result of this upbringing. Looking at his family life we can see how the influence of his older brother Gorg Ali impacted on Najaf. He thought of his older brother gorg Ali as a father figure, as his real father was killed in the war meaning Gorg Ali became responsible for the upbringing of his siblings. Najaf describes Gorg Ail in the text as a gentle person, contrary to most Afghani fathers who offered a tougher, more realistic outlook on life in Afghanistan. An Afghani father has failed in his duty to his sons if he raises dreamers. This is a strong statement and we can therefore conclude that Gorg Ali did fail by Afghani standards in a sense that Najaf Mazari dreamed of a better life outside of the sand and rubble that is Afghanistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Rugmaker of Mazari Sharif Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In saying this Gorg Al ultimately succeded as Najaf was able to take this hope gven to him and put it towards the goal of living a better and safer life, which he was able to achieve. Najaf describes Gorg Ali as the sort of person who holds things together. What is meant by this statement is that Gorg Ali was against the on-going violence. Not being the sort of person to break but rather, repar damage done. He wanted harmony and peace he was not the type who wrenches things apart for the sake of their own pride and illusion of superiority. It is also meant in a family sense. Najaf gives Gorg Ali credit for his ability to hold his family together. Najaf is clearly in favour of Gorg Ali and does not believe in war to solve problems. We can see that Najaf is against war through the emotive language he uses. He talks about witnessing several explosions in my lifetime, always unwillingly. We can see through these examples that Najaf’s identity is strongly defined by the on-going war in Afghanistan and by the beliefs and wisdom of his brother Gorg Ali. Najaf’s ethnicity also would have impacted heavily on his character. Being a Hazara, he is looked down upon by society in Afghanistan, in particular the Pashtuns. They think of the Hazara as second class citizens and treat them accordingly. This would have further increased Najaf’s distinct hate for violence and discrimination. Pashtuns being mainly Sunni Muslims and the Hazara being Shiite Muslims this is the most prominent origin of the conflict: the conflict between the two sub religions. The reason I bring this point up is the capture of Najaf by the Taliban, during a time when the Taliban where at full strength. His lack of decisiveness as to which side he is on due to his hate for war, and the fact that he is of Hazara decent (The Hazara had killed many Taliban defending Mazar-e-Sharif) gave the Taliban ample reason for his capture. When captured, Najaf was tortured brutally and describes his feelings as not caring whether I live or die. This statement shows how horrific the torture was to the point of men confessing to what they had not done, fought against the Taliban, to hasten their deaths. Men just stopped caring, practically taking their own lives. Najaf was not one of these men. Although he was eventually released the psychological impact this event in his early life would have been huge. Even after being thrown out of the gate of the compound, Najaf still believed he would be shot in the back of the head. Having not been through this sort of pain before I cannot say how it would affect a person, to be without hope. Although I can say that the effects would surely not be positive and recovery would be long and slow, as if exiting the worst sort of depression imaginable. His character would be shaped massively by this event in his life. Najaf’s religion would have shaped his way of thinking and moral values through the beliefs he holds in the Shia religious denomination of the Islam faith. There are the physical idea’s such as not being allowed to consume alcohol or pork. Then there are the spiritual beliefs about god, and how he watches over everyone and has a plan for our lives. The shrine of Ali is a spiritual centre for the Islam faith. It is a large ornate shrine within the city of Mazar-e-Sharif. The shrine of Ali is not considered famous by Muslims; it is too holy to be famous. Examining this quote we can see the dedication to the Islam faith that Afghani men such as Najaf Mazari possess. Najaf is not bothered by the thoughts of others. Najaf knows this and his decision to travel dangerously to Australia must have been made in part by his belief that God will deliver him safely and has a plan for his future. This idea of being impacted by where we are raised is very prominent in western society also, albiet in a slightly different manour. In my own life I can say I have been greatly influenced by my family in the way I act and the food I eat. Friends of mine have impacted on the thngs I like and dislike. My school has imacted on the path I have chosen to take in life and my religious beliefs. Very similar methods of learning are shared between myself and Najaf in our early lives, although the teachings may be different. This point in his life I am very familiar with and can see how his identity has been originaly shaped by where he lives, how he lives and who he lives his life with. Woomera, a holding camp for illegal refugees, is drastically different from his previous life in Afghanistan. It could be described as a state of limbo between the two countries. Najaf Mazari is confronted with many challenges that are presented to him both directly and indirectly by the Australian authorities. These challenges are presented for various reasons although the ultimate goal is to decide whether the refugee is suitable or not to enter the Australia. Woomera is a prison, certainly, but it is also a school. In a sense Najaf’s traits and values are being moulded to fit that of a successful Australian. The first challenge that Najaf is concerned with is what the Australians are looking for. He is not given a list of any sorts to determine this. Here I am, my name is Najaf Mazari, do you have a use for me in your country? It is a valid question, and we can see the exasperation in the words Najaf is saying, having lived through explosions and torture, sailing to an uncertain destination on an unworthy ship and now he is unable to please the Australians because he does not know what will please them. They seem to think that anyone who does not have white skin lives entirely on rice. We can clearly see the lack of understanding between the two parties. Najaf’s upbringing and his personalities are evident through his actions taken. I try to make myself useful and ask for work and obtain a job in the kitchen. This would be very pleasing to the Australian prison authorities as it shows not only his willingness to work, but the initiative he takes to be useful in the society he is in and therefore will probably take outside of Woomera. Another example of Najaf’s initiative and learning is the English language. Najaf knows he must learn it not only for use if he is to be granted a Visa but also to properly communicate to his interviewer and give himself a greater chance of being granted this visa. Najaf finds an Iranian who speaks English and asks him for assistance, In God’s name, I implore you to interoperate for my Afghani’s. This proposal is indicative of several things. Firstly, that Najaf is able to use his initiative and ask for assistance as he has shown earlier when asking for a job. Najaf is also asking the assistance of a Non-Afghani, an outsider, to help his friends learn. This is a big step because rivalry between the five countries turns into tiny wars. We can see that the relationship between refugees from different countries is not the most pleasant. In saying this, Najaf is willing to overcome their differences and ask for help from an Iranian. This shows that Najaf not only disapproves conflict, but is also willing to show his weakness to a fellow refugee. We are all here for the same reason, starting a new life in a new country. Though the Australians may not have noticed this particular incident they would certainly get the idea the Najaf is enthusiastic, willing to please and willing to learn. These are traits he would have gained throughout his childhood as a sheep farmer and Rugmaker which goes to show the usefulness these working-man’s traits can have in the future. So while in Woomera his core values remain the same where his traits and actions are being moulded to fit Australian society. For me, in my life this was Dilworth. Just like Najaf I was thrust into ths strange place which I knew very little about. I can understand how he felt isolated and alone during this time as he knew no-one and nothing of the customs rules or expectations. I know that it is a very slow proccess but through time and experience your learn the etacate. Though Dilworth and Woomera may not share many smlarities, there altmate purpose is shared. To send people out to live their lives outside of the gates successfully all the while weeding out the sour apples. I know that Dilworth has taught me many valuable life skills and am thankful that I will have the experience I do when I go out into the world. I have, in a sense, had my identity shaped by a halfway house between the old and the new. Living a successful life in a first world European country can be said to be vastly different from a life in a middle-eastern country like Afghanistan. Living in Australia is more complex in the sense that it requires a lot more effort to live peacefully. By this I mean that things such as IRD forms, taxes and electricity bills inhibit peace somewhat. Najaf is aware of this: When the very big problems are fixed 100 smaller problems are revealed. Things such as Credit cards are magic to him. People pay with plastic in this country. Life becomes much more complicated for Najaf due to his lack of self-reliance. This comes from being in Woomera for a long period of time. Najaf goes from the relatively simply society in Afghanistan to a sheltered environment such as Woomera where he is provided for completely, to a much more complex society. In Woomera his fate was in the hands of others, he was unable to decide what happened to himself other than to be a good and useful person. Whether he got into Australia or not was not in his means. Now having actually entered Australia, Najaf would find himself quite alienated from the rest of the society, knowing no-one on a personal level when he began his Australian journey. Najaf faced the cultural problem of terms; he only understood things on a superficial level. We can see this through his search for a place to live. When asked if he was smoke free he replies, ‘It’s ok ill smoke outside’ not fully grasping what the term meant. It is the same scenario when asked if he is a student. Although he believes he is, due to his learning of the English language and culture, he is not the desired type of student asked for being young and attending university. This becomes frustrating for Najaf, who becomes increasingly intollarible of things stating I began to miss having my problems in the hands of others as they were in Woomera. It is many of these small issues that make life in Australia hard for him, although with each day he is learning and his identity is growing more westernised. Things that many people in western culture take for granted, such as a shower, amaze Najaf. The sheer number of cars on the road and even the way people walk on the footpaths is foreign to him. Najaf, in saying this, is not completely unaware of the line between what is acceptable and what is not in this foreign country. The example he gives of this is his first employer who he describes as a witch of a woman. She does not give Najaf the leniency or sympathy of others who have helped him, instead making him work twelve hour shifts on minimum wage while constantly scrutinising his work. He shows the reader that he is not completely ignorant of the world and leaves the job with the unjust employer. Looking at the wider world we realise that najaf is not the only refugee, far from it. Many people, especially in poor, war torn countries are looking for the salvatin of a new life, one where the worry is on living a successful life, rather than a safe one. Western countries such as Australia and New Zealand contribute to this effort taking in their share of refugee’s offering them a home. Throug agencies such as, housing New Zealand and in najaf’s case the Australian housing office, the world is offering people like Najaf the chance to make himself a use in your country by providing housing and an allowance. As he put it. As a New Zealander who is part of a country who offers help I feel a sense of pride at this act of giving. In a sense these schemes are providing refugees with a new life. In Najaf’s case this comes in the form of an Australian visa. I believe the change Najaf would have undergone would have been quite durastic. It is very clear through interperating Najaf’s autobiography, the changes that Najaf has undergone through these three distinct part of his life. How he has matured and learned and then thrust into the unknown to fend for himself and we are able to make the connections between this and other examples of people havng given up their lives in search of peace.